When speaking about graphene, we must initially mention the natural mineral graphite that is commonly present in our every day life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are closely attached, but the combination of carbon atoms in between different layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a mild press, the cards will certainly glide apart.
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From the perspective of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer kind covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to three various other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms form a regular hexagonal ring on the same plane, extending to create a sheet structure.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, after that graphene is among the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product made up of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite has about 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is difficult to remove a solitary layer structure.
More than two decades earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the University of Manchester in the UK, thought that there must be a way to acquire a solitary layer of graphite.
Just how can a solitary layer of graphite be peeled off? Researchers took a really “straightforward and unrefined” technique – sticking it with tape.
“Much like when we create a typo on paper, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers frankly associate that if tape can adhere to the surface of paper, can it likewise stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was split into 2. Although the thickness of graphite right now is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, scientists have validated the feasibility of this technique – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite ends up being thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation method” to duplicate the operation, they finally acquired a slim sheet containing just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this technique of continuously scrubing graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing effectiveness and can only be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the enhancement of scientific and technical degrees, the prep work technique of graphene has additionally made fantastic development. Presently, along with this traditional physical and mechanical exfoliation method, there are likewise lots of approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling technique, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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